During the manufacturing process of ductile iron, there are a series of trace elements that interfere with the spheroidization process. Although the mass fraction of these elements in ductile iron is only a few parts per ten thousand or a few parts per hundred thousand, they can significantly affect the spheroidization effect. This interference is closely related to the magnesium content in the melt and the cooling rate, and the effects of various interfering elements are superimposed.

When the external force exceeds the elastic limit of the material, the material will undergo plastic deformation, that is, after unloading, the material retains some residual deformation. When the external force continues to increase to a certain value, the phenomenon occurs where the sample continues to elongate even though the external force does not increase or even decreases. This is manifested on the stress-strain curve as a plateau or sawtooth-shaped peaks and valleys, and this phenomenon is called the yield phenomenon. The force at the plateau stage is the yield force. The force before the first drop when the sample yields is called the upper yield force, and the minimum force during the yield stage without considering the instantaneous effect is called the lower yield force. The corresponding strengths are yield strength, upper yield strength, and lower yield strength.

The traditional concept of purity of molten iron in cast iron focused on "reducing impurity content", but in the context of high-strength and high-toughness cast iron, this idea has become limited. Modern research shows that the essence of purity is "precise control of impurities" - certain elements or inclusions, in specific forms and distributions, can become "functional units" for performance optimization. This paper, based on the latest research, redefines the purity of molten iron and proposes control strategies for engineering implementation.

Molybdenum is a white malleable metal. Mo powder can be obtained by reducing the oxide of molybdenum with carbon, and then pressed into blocks, sintered and forged. The melting point of molybdenum is as high as 2620°C, which can reduce the tendency of steel to overheat. Molybdenum has high deformation resistance and, like nickel, can promote the distribution of sulfides in a pasty form on the grain boundaries. According to Goodrich's data, when the molybdenum content in molybdenum steel exceeds 1%, and according to Dumas' data, when it exceeds 3-4%, a brittle substance of fog-like (μ phase) molybdenum dioxide (MoO₂) will decompose at forging temperature. Molybdenum steel containing 0.7% C and 2-15% Mo has no special difficulty in hot working deformation. These steels can be quenched when cooled in air, and it is necessary to pay attention to prevent the formation of cracks during cooling.

Abstract: In response to the issue of substandard impact energy absorption in 30CrNiMo cast steel parts after quenching and tempering, the reasons for the substandard impact energy absorption were analyzed through methods such as fracture analysis, metallographic examination, hardness testing, and chemical composition analysis. The results indicated that the fracture surface of the 30CrNiMo cast steel parts was intergranular. Metallographic examination revealed that the grains in the quenched state were uneven, with the presence of mixed grains. Nb accumulated at the original austenite grain boundaries to form NbC, which not only reduced the activity of the grain boundaries and hindered grain boundary migration but also formed numerous second-phase particles that pinned the grain boundaries and consolidated the grain boundary inheritance. Ultimately, this led to the coarsening of austenite grains, an increase in the ductile-brittle transition temperature of the steel, and the formation of brittle transgranular fractures and low impact performance when the steel was impacted at room temperature.

The effect of nickel is opposite to that of manganese. Nickel can promote the distribution of sulfides in a pasty form along the grain boundaries. Therefore, in nickel steel, when the sulfur content increases, cracks will occur during forging or rolling. In high-nickel steel, heating in a furnace gas containing sulfur is most undesirable. The formed sulfides penetrate into the grain boundaries of the steel, causing surface cracks during forging or rolling.

During the manufacturing process of ductile iron, there are a series of trace elements that interfere with the spheroidization process. Although the mass fraction of these elements in ductile iron is only a few parts per ten thousand or a few parts per hundred thousand, they can significantly affect the spheroidization effect. This interference is closely related to the magnesium content in the melt and the cooling rate, and the effects of various interfering elements are superimposed.

Axial flux motors began to be discussed for application in the main drive motors of new energy vehicles a few years ago. However, due to manufacturing difficulties and cost reasons, car manufacturers have been waiting and observing. But at this year's Shanghai Auto Show, many companies showcased axial flux motors. Let's take a look together. Actually, I am quite optimistic about the application scenarios of axial flux motors as range extenders, as they can be made relatively small. Coincidentally, Chery and Star Drive Technology have already made corresponding practices in this regard.

SA516Gr70 is a type of steel for low and medium temperature pressure vessels in the American standard, and its execution standard is ASME SA516/SA516M. There are also SA516Gr65, SA516Gr60, and SA516Gr55 in the standard. Due to its excellent steel plate performance, it is widely used in the industry.

What are the differences between involute gears and involute splines? Have you ever had such a question? In fact, both are involute tooth profiles, and the tooth-making methods are also quite similar, so the differences are indeed not significant. However, the different functions of the two still determine some parameter differences. For example, the topic we are discussing today: Why is the pressure angle of gears commonly 20° while that of splines is commonly 30°?

Steel containing a certain amount of special alloy elements is called alloy steel. After adding a certain amount of alloy elements to steel, it acquires certain special mechanical and physical-chemical properties to meet the comprehensive needs of national economic development.

Spline shaft is a type of mechanical transmission, mainly used for transmitting mechanical torque. There are longitudinal keyways on the outer surface of the shaft, and the rotating parts fitted on the shaft also have corresponding keyways, which can maintain synchronous rotation with the shaft. The application, material selection and inspection points of spline shaft are as follows: